不同营养盐条件下赤潮高发区围隔生态系内多胺的变化

在东海赤潮爆发区域运用围隔生态系实验方法,研究了不同营养盐条件下围隔生态系内多胺浓度变化。结果表明:2010年选用东海原甲藻赤潮爆发处海水,东海原甲藻是各围隔生态系内主要优势种,没有种群演替现象发生。两种营养盐添加方式下各围隔内精胺浓度维持较高水平,都呈现先波折下降后波折上升的趋势,与东海原甲藻的生长变化正好相反;各围隔内腐胺浓度水平较高,变化起伏较大,其中有两个实验组腐胺整体变化趋势与东海原甲藻生长趋势类似;所有围隔内亚精胺浓度最低,波动较小。2011年取用中肋骨条藻赤潮爆发处海水,所有围隔生态系内优势种都发生了从中肋骨条藻到东海原甲藻的演替。各围隔生态系内腐胺浓度最高,在中肋骨条藻生长初期腐胺浓度下降,随着中肋骨条藻的生长有所上升,实验后期随着东海原甲藻的生长又整体呈现出下降趋势;各实验组精胺浓度较低,在中肋骨条藻消亡东海原甲藻出现的种群演替期间,都呈现出较大波动;各围隔内亚精胺浓度较低,在整个种群演替过程中没有明显的变化。围隔生态系中补充营养盐,通过对浮游植物生长的影响,间接影响围隔生态系内的多胺变化。     

Biochemical compositions of two dominant bloom- forming species isolated from the Yangtze River Estuary in response to different nutrient conditions

Variations of cellular total lipid, total carbohydrate and total protein content of two dominant bloom-forming species (Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense) isolated from the Yangtze River Estuary were examined under six different nutrient conditions in batch cultures. Daily samples were collected to estimate the cell growth, nutrient concentration and three biochemical compositions content during 7 days for S. costatum and the same sampling procedure was done every other day during 10 days for P. donghaiense. Results showed that for S. costatum, cellular total lipid content increased under phosphorus (P) limitation, but not for nitrogen (N) limitation; cellular carbohydrate were accumulated under both N and P limitation; cellular total protein content of low nutrient concentration treatments were significantly lower than that of high nutrient concentration treatments. For P. donghaiense, both cellular total lipid content and total carbohydrate content were greatly elevated as a result of N and P exhaustion, but cellular total protein content had no significant changes under nutrient limitation. In addition, the capability of accumulation of three biochemical constituents of P. donghaiense was much stronger than that of S. costatum. Pearson correlation showed that for both species, the biochemical composition of three constituents (lipid, carbohydrate and protein) had no significant relationship with extracellular N concentration, but had positive correlation with extracellular and intracellular P concentration. The capability of two species to accumulate cellular total lipid and carbohydrate under nutrient limitation may help them accommodate the fluctuating nutrient condition of the Yangtze River Estuary. The different responses of two species of cellular biochemical compositions content under different nutrient conditions may provide some evidence to explain the temporal characteristic of blooms caused by two species in the Yangtze River Estuary.     

粤东柘林湾中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)种群生态学

于2000年5月～2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0～1．4×10^7cells／dm^3,总均值为3．3×10^5cells／dm^3,占浮游植物总细胞数的67．1％,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于10^6cells／dm^3的样品有65份,大于10^7cells／dm。则有4份。以大于10^6cells／dm^3为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24．5～32．0℃区间,即每年的5～9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。     

粤东柘林湾中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群生态学

于2000年5月~2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0~1.4×10⁷ cells/dm³,总均值为3.3×10⁵ cells/dm³,占浮游植物总细胞数的67.1%,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于10⁶ cells/dm3的样品有65份,大于10⁷ cells/dm³则有4份。以大于10⁶ cells/dm³为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24.5~32.0℃区间,即每年的5~9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。     

三种典型赤潮藻产生与消耗二甲基硫化物的速率估算

采用抑制剂加入法估算了中肋骨条藻、棕囊藻和东海原甲藻在不同生长期内二甲基硫化物的产生与消耗速率.结果表明:颗粒态二甲基巯基丙酸(DMSPp)和颗粒态二甲亚砜(DMSOp)在3种藻类的不同生长期内均为净消耗,溶解态二甲基巯基丙酸(DMSPd)和溶解态二甲亚砜(DMSOd)的含量受藻类产生与细菌病毒消耗控制,在藻类不同生长期内存在不同的产生与消耗速率,而二甲基硫(DMS)在3种藻不同生长期内均为净产生.同一种藻在不同生长期内以及不同藻在相同生长期内二甲基硫化物的产生与消耗速率均存在较大差异,表明藻类的生理状态和种间差异均对二甲基硫化物的产生与消耗速率产生影响.     

NITRATE UPTAKE IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON: (NITRATE,CHILORIDE)-ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1,2

A membrane-bound (nitrate, chloride)-activated AT Pase was found in the neritie diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The enzyme is suggested to translocate NO₃⁻ across the plasmalemma, against a concentration gradient. The K_m of the enzyme with respect to NO₃⁻ is ca. 0.9 × 10⁻⁶ M, and is in close agreement with the reported K₈ for NO₃⁻ uptake by the whole cell.     

STUDIES OF NITRATE TRANSPORT BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON USING 36Cl-ClO3− AS A TRANSPORT ANALOGUE. I. PHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS1

Transport of a nitrate analogue, ³⁶Cl-ClO₃⁻, was examined in two diatoms, Skeletonema costatum (Greve.) Cleve and Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb) W. Sm. A dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra did not transport ClO₃⁻. Transport of ³⁶Cl-ClO₃⁻ by diatoms appeared to be active and showed saturation kinetics. The data were fitted by Michaelis-Menten equation at all but the lowest chlorate concentrations (where plots of S vs. v showed a slight concave bend). Affinity of cells for nitrate was considerably higher than for chlorate. The K_i for nitrate inhibition of chlorate transport was calculated assuming competitive inhibition. Light had little or no effect on chlorate transport. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that (1) ClO₃⁻ (hence NO₃⁻) was stored in two intracellular compartments of equal size, (2) internal ClO₃⁻ was exchangeable with external ClO₃⁻ (rates of efflux and influx were measured), and (3) efflux of intracellular ClO₃⁻ showed transient states following a chase of ClO₃⁻ or NO₃⁻ which stabilized after 10–20 min. Transport of chlorate was a function of growth phase.     

围隔生态系内浮游植物对富磷的响应

在长江口外应用围隔生态系实验方法,研究了富磷与浮游植物生物量的相关性以及浮游植物对磷吸收的种间竞争。结果表明,可溶性磷(主要是PO     

SOURCES OF INORGANIC CARBON FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY THREE SPECIES OF MARINE DIATOM1

The utilization of inorganic carbon by three species of marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grun., and Chaetoceros calcitrans Paulsen was investigated using an inorganic carbon isotopic disequilibnum technique and inorganic carbon dose-response curves. Stable carbon isotope data of the diatoms are also presented. Observed rates of photosynthetic oxygen evolution were greater than could be accounted for by the theoretical rate of CO₂ supply from the uncatalyzed dehydration of HCO₃^? in the external medium, suggesting use of HCO₃^? as an inorganic carbon source. Data from the isotopic disequilibrium experiment demonstrate the use of both HCO₃^? and CO₂ for photosynthesis. Carbon isotope discrimination values support the use of HCO₃^? by the diatoms.     

Structure of the Large Subunit rDNA from a Diatom, and Comparison Between Small and Large Subunit Ribosomal RNA for Studying Stramenopile Evolution

The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of complete small and large subunit rRNA, and a combination of both molecules, for reconstructing stramenopile evolution. To this end, phylogenies from species of which both sequences are known Acre constructed with the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods. Also the use of structural features of the rRNAs was evaluated. The large subunit rRNA from the diatom Skeletonema pseudocostatum was sequenced in order to have a more complete taxon sampling, and a group I intron was identified. Our results indicated that heterokont algae are monophyletic, with diatoms diverging first. However, as the analysis was restricted to a particular data set containing merely six taxa, the outcome has limited value for elucidating stramenopile relationships. On the other hand, this approach permits comparison of the performance of both rRNA molecules without interference from other factors, such as a different species selection for each molecule. For the taxa used, the large subunit rRNA clearly contained more phylogenetic information than the small subunit rRNA. Although this result can definitely not be generalized and depends on the phvlogeny to be studied, in some cases determining complete large subunit rRNA sequences certainly seems worthwhile.